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週一, 23 六月 2008 06:10

卡路里（簡稱卡，縮寫為cal），由英文Calorie音譯而來，其定義為將1克水在1大氣壓下提升1攝氏度所需要的熱量。由於後來科學家發現水在不同溫度下的比熱容不同，所以衍生了以下不同的定義：

 

  • 營養學用的“15度卡路里”：將1克水在1大氣壓下由攝氏14.5度提升到15.5度所需的熱量，約等於4.1855焦耳。
  • “4度卡路里”：將1克水在1大氣壓下由攝氏3.5度提升到4.5度所需的熱量。
  • “平均卡路里”：將1克水在1大氣壓下由攝氏0度提升到100度所需的每度熱量平均數，約等於4.190焦耳。
  • International Steam Table的卡路里，相約4.1868焦耳。
  • 熱力學和化學使用的“熱化學卡路里”，相約4.184焦耳。

現代科學已不再採用“卡路里”作熱量和能量的量度單位，而轉為採用國際單位焦耳。現時一般普遍採用的“卡路里”，是營養學的“15度卡路里”。

在歐洲普遍使用焦耳作為食物熱量的法定單位，而美國則仍然採用卡路里。雖然焦耳是中國大陸與臺灣的法定單位，然而由於沿襲傳統，卡路里在中國大陸與臺灣仍然被廣泛的使用。

由於相對我們日常攝取的熱量，“卡路里”這一單位的量度還是太少。現時營養學普遍採用另一個由“卡路里”演化的單位“千卡”（kcal或 C，又稱“大卡”）。1千卡等於1000卡路里，約4186焦耳。脂肪的熱量約9千卡／克；糖類和蛋白質的熱量都只有4千卡／克。有關每項食物的熱量請參考食物熱量表。

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